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Open justice
Open justice is a legal principle describing legal processes characterized by openness and transparency.〔 The term has particular emphasis in legal systems based on British law, such as in the United Kingdom, Commonwealth countries such as South Africa and Canada and Australia, and former British colonies such as the United States. The term has several closely related meanings: it is seen as a fundamental right guaranteeing liberty;〔〔 it describes guidelines for how courts can be more transparent;〔 and it sometimes identifies an ideal situation.〔〔 In a courtroom, it means steps to promote transparency such as letting the public see and hear trials as they happen in real time,〔 televising trials as they happen, videotaping proceedings for later viewing,〔 publishing the content and documents of court files,〔 providing transcripts of statements, making past decisions available for review in an easy-to-access format,〔〔 publishing decisions, and giving reporters full access to files and participants so they can report what happens. The principle includes efforts to try to make what happens in the court understandable to the public and the press.〔
==Background==
The principle is viewed as an underlying or core principle in British law.〔 It has a long history dating back hundreds of years, and it has been traced to decisions made before the signing of the Magna Carta in 1215.〔〔〔 Today the concept is so widely accepted that there is a general presumption that there should be judicial openness, such that openness is the rule, with secret or obscured proceedings being considered as exceptions needing to be justified.〔 The rise of social media websites such as Facebook has opened new ways for court cases to be made public; for example, in Australia, courts have considered having websites with live videos as well as blogs by retired judges to "preserve the concepts of open justice" in the digital age.〔 In recent years, when governments try to cope with thorny problems such as terrorism, there are concerns that the principle of open justice can be undermined relatively easily by national security concerns.〔 There are concerns that if new secrecy guidelines harden into precedents, that it might be hard to restore the "centuries old system of open justice".〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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